Type of Paints for buildings

Type of Paints This chapter covers the final finishing of various surfaces Paints, including walls, ceilings, woodwork, and metalwork. Depending on the surface type and the desired finish, it should be treated with paints, varnish, distemper, or similar materials.

Paints are fluid coatings applied to surfaces such as timber and metal. Varnishes are transparent or semi-transparent solutions of resinous substances, typically used over painted surfaces. Distempers, on the other hand, are applied to plastered surfaces.
The protective effectiveness of paints, varnishes, and distempers diminishes over time, so they should be reapplied periodically, typically every 2 to 5 years.

This chapter will briefly outline the processes of painting, varnishing, and distempering.

Painting (Paints)

The following are the objects of painting a surface:

1. It shields the surface from atmospheric weathering as well as the effects of liquids, fumes, and gases.
2. It prevents decay of wood and corrosion in metal.
3. It is used to enhance the appearance of the surface. Painting can create decorative effects, making the surface clean, colorful, visually appealing, and hygienically suitable.
4. It creates a smooth finish that allows for easy cleaning.

Characteristics of an Ideal Paints

The following are the characteristics of an ideal paint:

1. It should have excellent coverage capability, meaning the largest surface area should be covered with the least amount of paint.
2. The paint should be reasonably priced and cost-effective.
3. The paint should be easy to apply and smoothly spread across the surface.
4. The paint should dry within a reasonable time frame, without drying too quickly.
5. The paint should be durable enough to retain its color for an extended period.
6. The paint should create a tough and long-lasting surface.
7. The paint should not pose any health risks to workers during its application.
8. The paint should withstand atmospheric weathering and remain unaffected over time.
9. The paint should have an appealing and visually pleasing appearance.
10. The painted surface should remain free of cracks once the paint dries.
11. When applied to the surface, the paint should create a smooth, even film.

Ingredients of Oil Borne Paints

An oil paint essentially consists of the following ingredients:

1. a base,
2. a vehicle or carrier,
3. a drier,
4. a coloring pigment, and
5. a solvent.

1. Bases: Table 26-2 gives the list of bases which are commonly used for paints. A base is a finely divided solid substance that constitutes the main component of a paint. It defines the nature of the paint and enhances the durability of the painted surface. Additionally, it helps minimize shrinkage cracks during drying and forms an opaque layer to conceal the underlying material.

Bases for Paints

No.	Name	Description
1.	White lead	This is white lead, a carbonate of lead, which serves as the base for lead-based paints. It has excellent bulk properties and is one of the most commonly used paint bases. White lead is dense, durable, and waterproof. It is not suitable for delicate work as lead becomes dis-colored when exposed to the sulphur vapours. It is ideal for wood surfaces but is not suitable for iron surfaces, as it does not provide protection against rust.
2.	Red lead	This is lead oxide, which serves as the base for lead-based paints. It is quite suitable for painting iron surfaces and for providing a priming coat to the wood surfaces. It solidifies quickly when mixed with linseed oil, making it useful as a drier as well.
3.	Oxide of zinc or zinc white	This is an oxide of zinc and it forms the base of all zinc paints. It is smooth, transparent and non-poisonous. It is not discoloured when exposed to the sulphur vapours. It has less bulk and hence it is costly. It is less durable and it is difficult to work.
4.	Oxide of iron	This is iron oxide, which serves as the base for all iron paints. The tint of paint varies from yellowish brown to black. It blends easily with the vehicle. It is highly effective in preventing rust on iron surfaces. It is cheap and durable. It is commonly used as a priming coat for iron surfaces.
5.	Titanium white	This material possesses intense opacity. It is harmless and creates a thin, transparent layer. It is used as a base layer for applying enamel.
6.	Antimony white	This is very similar to titanium white.
7.	Aluminium powder	This forms the bulk of aluminium paints. It helps maintain the moisture content of wood surfaces at a consistent level. It also pre-vents cracking and warping of wood. It is commonly applied as a priming coat on new woodwork.
8.	Lithophone	This is a combination of zinc sulfide and barytes. It closely resembles the appearance of zinc oxide. It is inexpensive and can be easily applied to surfaces. However, it changes color when exposed to daylight, making it suitable for interior work of lower quality.

2. Vehicles: The table provides a list of vehicles commonly used in preparing paint.
Vehicles are liquid substances that keep the ingredients of a paint suspended in liquid form. They are primarily needed for two reasons:

1. To allow the paint to be applied smoothly and evenly across the surface, creating a thin layer. and

2. To act as a binder for the paint ingredients, ensuring they stick or adhere to the surface.

No.	Name	Description
1.	Linseed oil	This is the most commonly used material as a vehicle in paint. It is extracted from flax seeds. Linseed oil, obtained from fully grown, ripe seeds, is clear, transparent, pale in color, sweet in taste, and practically odorless. It is used in various grades.
a.	Raw linseed oil	Raw linseed oil is thin and pale in color. It takes longer to dry and is used for delicate interior work.
b.	Boiled linseed oil	This oil is thicker and darkly coloured than raw oil. It dries quickly. It is prepared by adding some quantity of drier such as litharge or red lead to the raw oil. It is unsuitable for delicate interior work and is primarily used for exterior surfaces.
c.	Pale boiled linseed oil	This is similar to boiled linseed oil except that it does not possess a dark colour. It is more suitable for painting plastered surfaces.
d.	Double boiled linseed oil	This oil dries quickly and is ideal for exterior work. However, it requires a thinning agent, such as turpentine.
e.	Stand oil	Formerly this oil was prepared by exposing raw linseed oil to sun till it thickened like honey. At present, the heat treatment is used for this purpose. This oil dries slowly and gives a long-lasting, clear, and glossy finish.
2.	Tung oil	This oil is far superior to linseed oil and is used for preparing paints of superior quality.
3.	Poppy oil	This oil is prepared from poppy seeds. It dries slowly. But its colours last long. It is used for making paints of very delicate colours.
4.	Nut oil	This oil is extracted from ordinary walnuts. It is nearly colourless and dries rapidly. It does not provide a durable finish and is used for ordinary work as it is cheap.

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